"On chest CT mediastinal embryonal carcinomas have been described as lobulated, poorly marginated and heterogeneous masses, areas of necrosis and haemorrhage are common 3-4. Pleural or pericardial effusions might be present."
"Mediastinal embryonal carcinomas are very rare mediastinal tumours accounting for up to 8% of primary mediastinal germ cell tumours 1. They usually occur in young men up to the fourth decade and less often in boys."
"Mediastinal embryonal carcinomas might cause the following complications 1-3:"
"negativity for KIT/CD117 and CD45"
"A large heterogeneous mediastinal mass with lung metastases in young men in the setting of rapid symptom onset and an elevated LDH and serum AFP might point to a malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumour."
"Clinical signs and symptoms are frequently related to the mediastinal mass and include dyspnoea, chest pain, cough and haemoptysis as well as superior vena cava syndrome. Systemic symptoms include weight loss, fever and chills 1,2. Serum LDH might be elevated. Elevated serum AFP levels have been reported but this suggests yolk sac tumour elements 1,2."
"Immunohistochemistry stains of mediastinal embryonal carcinomas express OCT4, SALL4, CD30, SOX2 and cytokeratins. β-hCG is positive in a minority of cases. KIT/CD117 is usually negative 1."
"associated complications (e.g. superior vena cava obstruction, pleural or pericardial effusion)"
Expected headings
"Pathogenesis"
"The final diagnosis is based on histology, gender and age as well as immunohistochemistry 1."
"large polygonal cells with an indistinct tumour cell membrane, amphophilic or eosinophilic cytoplasm and single or multiple large nucleoli"
"expression of SALL4, OCT4, SOX2, CD30 and cytokeratins"
"Clinical signs and symptoms are frequently related to the mediastinal mass and include dyspnoea, chest pain, cough and haemoptysis as well as superior vena cava syndrome. Systemic symptoms include weight loss, fever and chills 1,2. Serum LDH might be elevated. Elevated serum AFP levels have been reported but this suggests yolk sac tumour elements 1,2."
"Clinical signs and symptoms are frequently related to the mediastinal mass and include dyspnoea, chest pain, cough and haemoptysis as well as superior vena cava syndrome. Systemic symptoms include weight loss, fever and chills 1,2. Serum LDH might be elevated. Elevated serum AFP levels have been reported but this suggests yolk sac tumour elements 1,2."
"Immunohistochemistry stains of mediastinal embryonal carcinomas express OCT4, SALL4, CD30, SOX2 and cytokeratins. β-hCG is positive in a minority of cases. KIT/CD117 is usually negative 1."
"associated complications (e.g. superior vena cava obstruction, pleural or pericardial effusion)"