"neuromuscular disease, e.g. cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophies including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, post-stroke 7,9"
"The World Health Organisation (WHO) diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis are insufficient to identify patients at high risk of fracture on their own 6. The following risk factors, in addition to femoral neck bone mineral density, are used in the FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool), which calculates a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture (hip, clinical spine, humerus, or wrist fracture) and hip fracture 6,11:"
"WHO operationally defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density T-score less than -2.5 SD (more than 2.5 standard deviations below the young-adult mean), measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), in postmenopausal women and men aged at least 50 years. The reference standard site of bone mineral density analysis is the femoral neck, but other sites, such as the lumbar spine, can be used. A clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis may also be established without bone mineral density measurement by the presence of a fragility fracture, particularly at typical sites (spine, hip, pelvis, wrist, humerus, or rib)."
"medications, e.g. steroids, ADT, phenytoin, carbamazepine, some HIV-related treatments such as tenofovir, DMPA, proton pump inhibitors, SSRIs 7"
"single photon and x-ray absorptiometry (SPA)"
"RANKL inhibitor: denosumab"
"endocrine disease, e.g. hyperparathyroidism, Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, premature ovarian insufficiency, male hypogonadism, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus 6,7"
Expected headings
"Bone mineral density measurement"
"Complications"
"The World Health Organisation (WHO) diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis are insufficient to identify patients at high risk of fracture on their own 6. The following risk factors, in addition to femoral neck bone mineral density, are used in the FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool), which calculates a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture (hip, clinical spine, humerus, or wrist fracture) and hip fracture 6,11:"
"WHO operationally defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density T-score less than -2.5 SD (more than 2.5 standard deviations below the young-adult mean), measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), in postmenopausal women and men aged at least 50 years. The reference standard site of bone mineral density analysis is the femoral neck, but other sites, such as the lumbar spine, can be used. A clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis may also be established without bone mineral density measurement by the presence of a fragility fracture, particularly at typical sites (spine, hip, pelvis, wrist, humerus, or rib)."
"endocrine disease, e.g. hyperparathyroidism, Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, premature ovarian insufficiency, male hypogonadism, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus 6,7"
"neuromuscular disease, e.g. cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophies including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, post-stroke 7,9"
"medications, e.g. steroids, ADT, phenytoin, carbamazepine, some HIV-related treatments such as tenofovir, DMPA, proton pump inhibitors, SSRIs 7"
"Osteoporosis is essentially decreased bony tissue per unit volume of bone. There are no microstructural or biochemical changes that occur in osteomalacia or rickets. Hence, the mineral-to-osteoid ratio is normal (cf. osteomalacia in which the mineral-to-osteoid ratio is decreased)."
"postmenopausal: occurs in 50-65-year-old females; disproportionate loss of cancellous bone as compared to cortical bone, resulting in more involvement of cancellous bone-rich areas, like vertebrae and ends of long bones"
"As osteoporosis decreases bone strength, patients are at an increased risk of fracture, often with minimal trauma, and commonly at the pelvis, hip and wrist."