Radiopaedia Helpers

Adjectival Hyphens

error

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:474 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'pre-dialysis,'.

Strong

warning

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'Chronic kidney disease'

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:262 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'chronic renal failure'

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:337 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'chronic renal insufficiency'

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:383 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'chronic renal impairment'

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:426 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'chronic renal disease'

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:466 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'pre-dialysis'

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:501 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'pre-end-stage renal disease,'

"G3a: GFR 45-59"

Line 55:29 · Generally, don't use bold in text: ' GFR'

"G3a: GFR 45-59"

Line 55:47 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'GFR 45-59'

"G3b: GFR 30-44"

Line 56:30 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'GFR 30-44'

Colons

warning

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:152 · The first word after a colon should almost always be lowercase. In this case, it's not: ': Improving Global'.

Acronyms

warning

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:181 · 'KDIGO' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Chronic kidney disease can be classified in a variety of ways. One such classification, initially proposed in 2005 by KDIGO and revised in 2012, can be divided into stages based on the GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) and albuminuria ^1,10."

Line 47:122 · 'KDIGO' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

List Caps

warning

"G3a: GFR 45-59"

Line 55:16 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"G3b: GFR 30-44"

Line 56:16 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Headings Valid

warning

Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Contrast agents"

Line 68:1 · "Contrast agents" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Iodinated contrast media"

Line 69:1 · "Iodinated contrast media" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Gadolinium contrast media"

Line 71:1 · "Gadolinium contrast media" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

There Is

suggestion

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:220 · Don't start a sentence with 'There are'.

"There are no specific imaging features for CKD, and the diagnosis is based on clinical and laboratory findings. Radiological exams, especially ultrasound, are performed in most of the cases for aetiological investigation (e.g. renal artery stenosis, polycystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis) and treatment follow-up."

Line 76:4 · Don't start a sentence with 'There are'.

Commas

suggestion

"Chronic kidney disease has been defined (see Diagnosis) and classified into five stages in a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published in 2005 ¹. There are numerous other terms, including chronic renal failure (the most common alternative term), chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal impairment, chronic renal disease, pre-dialysis, and pre-end-stage renal disease, that are poorly defined and considered less precise ^13,14."

Line 3:250 · More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.

Inline EG

suggestion

"markers of kidney damage (e.g. abnormal blood or urine biochemistry, abnormal imaging)"

Line 13:33 · Consider replacing a bracketed e.g. with an inline e.g. after a comma.

Semicolons

suggestion

"G1: GFR >90; kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR"

Line 50:36 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"G2: GFR 60-89; kidney damage with mild reduction in GFR"

Line 51:38 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"G3: GFR 30-59; moderate reduction in GFR, this can be further sub divided as ⁵"

Line 53:34 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"G4: 15-29; severe reduction in GFR"

Line 59:34 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"G5:"

Line 60:46 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Lint: chronic-renal-failure