"unexplained voiding difficulties with post-void residual at least 100 mL (for clinically established MSA) or of any volume (for clinically probable or possible prodromal MSA)"
"rate of atrophy in measuring the anterior–posterior pons: -0.87 mm/year (highly specific but not very sensitive)"
"On dopamine transporter brain imaging with I-123 ioflupane SPECT/CT, there is loss of the normal comma- or crescent-shaped tracer uptake in the striatum. Instead, a period- or oval-shaped uptake is seen within the caudate nucleus head, without tracer uptake in the putamen. Quantitative assessment reveals reduced uptake in the putamen compared with norms."
"The most robust genetic associations involve SNCA and COQ2 gene variants, though these show population-specific patterns 17."
"While autonomic dysfunction is a common clinical feature in MSA, it is not necessarily universal 15. Indeed, one study found that ~40% of patients did not have autonomic dysfunction initially, and a small proportion (8%) never developed autonomic dysfunction with long-term follow-up 15."
"motor features: rapid disease progression, postural instability, severe speech impairment, or severe dysphagia, each within 3 years of motor onset; levodopa induced craniocervical dystonia; Babinski sign; myoclonic jerks or kinetic tremor; or postural deformities"
"motor features: rapid disease progression, postural instability, severe speech impairment, or severe dysphagia, each within 3 years of motor onset; levodopa induced craniocervical dystonia; Babinski sign; myoclonic jerks or kinetic tremor; or postural deformities"
"motor features: rapid disease progression, postural instability, severe speech impairment, or severe dysphagia, each within 3 years of motor onset; levodopa induced craniocervical dystonia; Babinski sign; myoclonic jerks or kinetic tremor; or postural deformities"
"motor features: rapid disease progression, postural instability, severe speech impairment, or severe dysphagia, each within 3 years of motor onset; levodopa induced craniocervical dystonia; Babinski sign; myoclonic jerks or kinetic tremor; or postural deformities"