"type 1: located in the area supplied by the lenticulostriate arteries entering the basal ganglia"
"type 2: located in the area supplied by the perforating medullary arteries as they enter the cortical grey matter"
"type 3: located in the midbrain"
"type 4: temporal pole, insular - see anterior temporal lobe perivascular spaces"
"Perivascular spaces were first described by Durand-Fardel (1842) - who described état criblé - and Pestalozzi (1849) 20. Virchow-Robin spaces are named after German pathologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) 15 and French anatomist Charles-Philippe Robin (1821–1885) who described them further in 1851 and 1859, respectively 16,20. Interestingly, Virchow and Robin disagreed on whether or not these spaces directly communicated with the subarachnoid space. Over a century and a half later, this remains an unresolved question 20."
"Perivascular spaces were first described by Durand-Fardel (1842) - who described état criblé - and Pestalozzi (1849) 20. Virchow-Robin spaces are named after German pathologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) 15 and French anatomist Charles-Philippe Robin (1821–1885) who described them further in 1851 and 1859, respectively 16,20. Interestingly, Virchow and Robin disagreed on whether or not these spaces directly communicated with the subarachnoid space. Over a century and a half later, this remains an unresolved question 20."
"non-neoplastic neuroepithelial cyst(s)"
"Perivascular spaces are normal structures, innumerably present within the brain. However, when they are sufficiently enlarged or dilated to become visible on MRI, they may be of pathological significance 23, which is the focus of this article. The Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging 2 (STRIVE-2) suggests that in the context of reporting neuroimaging, these enlarged or dilated perivascular spaces should be simply termed 'perivascular spaces' without the adjectives 'enlarged' or 'dilated' 23."
"There is no clear measurement cutoff between a visible perivascular space and a cystic perivascular space as they appear to exist along a single continuum, however, the Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging 2 (STRIVE-2) define perivascular spaces as usually being"
"When perivascular spaces are significantly large with a rounded appearance, some authors employ the term perivascular cysts, although this is not terminology accepted or used consistently in the literature. When perivascular spaces are very large, such as >15 mm, and associated with mass effect, they may be referred to as tumefactive perivascular spaces or giant perivascular spaces 24."
"When perivascular spaces are significantly large with a rounded appearance, some authors employ the term perivascular cysts, although this is not terminology accepted or used consistently in the literature. When perivascular spaces are very large, such as >15 mm, and associated with mass effect, they may be referred to as tumefactive perivascular spaces or giant perivascular spaces 24."
"heterozygous HTRA1-related cerebral small vessel disease"
Expected headings
"Associations"
"Perivascular spaces, also known as Virchow-Robin spaces, are fluid-filled spaces that surround small arterioles, capillaries and venules in the brain. Perivascular spaces are frequently seen on routine MRI, especially in the ageing population, and their clinical significance needs to be interpreted carefully."
"Perivascular spaces were first described by Durand-Fardel (1842) - who described état criblé - and Pestalozzi (1849) 20. Virchow-Robin spaces are named after German pathologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) 15 and French anatomist Charles-Philippe Robin (1821–1885) who described them further in 1851 and 1859, respectively 16,20. Interestingly, Virchow and Robin disagreed on whether or not these spaces directly communicated with the subarachnoid space. Over a century and a half later, this remains an unresolved question 20."
"When perivascular spaces are very numerous, the brain can have a colander-like appearance, referred to as état criblé (cf. état lacunaire, a term sometimes used for numerous lacunar infarcts). When located in the anterior temporal lobe and related to a vascular loop, they are known as anterior temporal lobe perivascular spaces; however, these likely represent a different entity compared to typical scattered perivascular spaces."
"The role of perivascular spaces is primarily to transport cerebrospinal fluid and metabolic waste products from the brain parenchyma 25. The reason why perivascular spaces enlarge, to be able to be seen on MRI, is not well understood, but is thought to be multifactorial, including parent arterial stiffening, protein aggregation (e.g. beta-amyloid), brain atrophy-related forces, and damage to the blood-brain barrier 25."
"Enlarged perivascular spaces have also been reported with greater frequency in a variety of settings, albeit generally in smaller size cohorts 1,4,11,12,17,20,22,23:"
"inflammatory disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis)"
"There is no clear measurement cutoff between a visible perivascular space and a cystic perivascular space as they appear to exist along a single continuum, however, the Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging 2 (STRIVE-2) define perivascular spaces as usually being"
"Perivascular spaces follow CSF signal on all pulse sequences 7,23. On T2 or SWI sequences, a traversing vessel is sometimes seen 23. There is typically normal surrounding white matter, helping to distinguish perivascular spaces from lacunar infarcts, which have surrounding gliosis (best seen on FLAIR) 23."
"Perivascular spaces were first described by Durand-Fardel (1842) - who described état criblé - and Pestalozzi (1849) 20. Virchow-Robin spaces are named after German pathologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) 15 and French anatomist Charles-Philippe Robin (1821–1885) who described them further in 1851 and 1859, respectively 16,20. Interestingly, Virchow and Robin disagreed on whether or not these spaces directly communicated with the subarachnoid space. Over a century and a half later, this remains an unresolved question 20."