"sulphonamides stones which are radiolucent"
"account for < 2% of all stones and can grow to staghorn dimensions"
"contrast medium in the collecting system(s)"
"Most patients tend to present between 30-60 years of age 1."
"Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate or "triple phosphate") stones are usually seen in the setting of infection with urease-producing bacteria (e.g. Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter), resulting in hydrolysis of urea into ammonium and increase in the urinary pH 6,10. They can grow very large and form a cast of the renal pelvis and calyces resulting in so-called staghorn calculi. The struvite accounts for ~70% of these calculi and is usually mixed with calcium phosphate thus rendering them radiopaque. Uric acid and cystine are also found as minor components."
"Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate or "triple phosphate") stones are usually seen in the setting of infection with urease-producing bacteria (e.g. Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter), resulting in hydrolysis of urea into ammonium and increase in the urinary pH 6,10. They can grow very large and form a cast of the renal pelvis and calyces resulting in so-called staghorn calculi. The struvite accounts for ~70% of these calculi and is usually mixed with calcium phosphate thus rendering them radiopaque. Uric acid and cystine are also found as minor components."
"Ultrasound is frequently the first investigation of the urinary tract, and although by no means as sensitive as CT, it can often identify calculi. Small stones and those close to the corticomedullary junction can be difficult to reliably identify. Ultrasound compared to CT KUB reference showed a sensitivity of only 24% in identifying calculi. Nearly 75% of calculi not visualised were"
"Pulsed wave (PWD) and colour flow Doppler (CFD) are further sonographic modalities that may act as a diagnostic aid, and assess for the presence of complications;"
"Randall plaques"
Expected headings
"Risk factors"
"Calcium-containing stones"
"Struvite stones"
"Uric acid"
"Cystine stones"
"Others"
"Fluoroscopy"
"Calcium stones"
"Struvite stones"
"Uric acid stones"
"Cystine stones"
"Matrix stones"
"Complications"
"suggested cutoff values vary; the combination of fewer than 1.5 jets per minute, with peak velocities below 19.5 cm/s and jet durations less than 2.5 seconds have specificities ranging between 87 and 97% 21"